LECTURE 14(b) -RELIABILITY

What is reliability?

Reliability is synonymous with consistency. It is the degree to which test scores for an individual test taker or group of test takers are consistent over repeated applications.

Methods to Determine Reliability of Instrument

·         Equivalency

The extent to which two items measure identical concepts at an identical level of difficulty. Equivalency reliability is determined by relating two sets of test scores to one another to highlight the degree of relationship or association.

·         Internal

Internal consistency is the extent to which tests or procedures assess the same characteristic, skill or quality. It is a measure of the precision between the observers or of the measuring instruments used in a study.

·         Interrater

Interrater reliability is the extent to which two or more individuals (coders or raters) agree. Interrater reliability addresses the consistency of the implementation of a rating system.

·         Test-retest

The same test is repeated on the same group of test takers on two different occasions. Results are compared and correlated with the initial test to give a measure of stability. This method examines performance over time.

·         Split half method

A test given and divided into halves and are scored separately, then the score of one half of test are compared to the score of the remaining half to test the reliability.

 Factors Affecting Reliability

·         Administration factor

Instructions with the test may contain errors that create another type of systemic error. These errors exist in either the instructions provided to the test-taker or those given to the psychologist who is conducting the test.

·         Question construction

If test questions are difficult, confusing or ambiguous, reliability is negatively affected. Some people read the question to mean one thing, whereas others read the same question to mean something else.

·         Scoring errors

Reliable tests have an accurate method of scoring and interpreting the results. All tests come with a set of instructions on scoring. Errors in these instructions, such as making unsupported conclusions, reduce the reliability of the test.

·         Test-Taker Factors

Factors related to the test-taker, such as poor sleep, feeling ill, anxious or "stressed-out" can integrate into the test itself.

·         Heterogenity of the items

The greater the heterogeneity, the differences in the kind of questions or difficulty of the question of the items, the greater the chance for high reliability.

·         Heterogenity of the group members

The greater the heterogeneity of the group members in the preferences, skills or behaviors being tested, the greater the chance for high reliability

 Relationship between validity and  reliability

·         A test cannot be considered valid unless the measurements resulting from it are reliable.

·         Result from a test can be reliable and not necessarily valid.

LECTURE 14(a) – VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. It is vital for a test to be valid in order for the results to be accurately applied and interpreted (Kendra cherry, 2011).

Validity also refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores entailed by proposed uses of tests (AERA/APA/NCME, 1999).

Validity isn’t determined by a single statistic, but by a body of research that demonstrates the relationship between the test and the behavior it is intended to measure. There are three types of validity:

Category of Validity	Definition	Example/Non-example
Content validity	The extent to which the content of the test matches the instructional objectives. Or in other words the test represent the entire range of possible items the test should cover.	A semester or quarter exam that only includes content covered during the last six weeks is not a valid measure of the course's overall objectives -- it has very low content validity.
Criterion-related Validity	The extent to which scores on the test are in agreement with other criterion is called concurrent validity. Or to the extent where it can predict an external criterion is called predictive validity.	If the SPM trial math tests in Form 5 correlate highly with the SPM math tests, they would have high concurrent validity. The criterion examples are success in school or success in class.
Construct	The extent to which an assessment corresponds to other variables, as predicted by some rationale or theory. Or it demonstrates an association between the test scores and the prediction of a theoretical trait.	Intelligence tests are one example of measurement instruments that should have construct validity. MUET test is another example because it comprises of reading, writing, listening and speaking test which cover up all the scope needed in mastering a language.

Factors that influence the validity

FACTORS	ELABORATION
Reliability	A valid test is always reliable because in order to be valid, it need to be reliable in the first place.
Nature of the group	consistency of the validity coefficient for subgroups which differ in any characteristic (eg: age, gender, educational level)
Sample heterogeneity	A wider range of score results in higher validity coefficient (range restriction phenomenon)
Criterion-predictor relationship	There must be a linear relationship between predictor and criterion.
Criterion contamination	Get rid of bias by measuring contaminated influences. Then correct this influence statistically by use of partial correlation.
Moderator variables	Variable like age, gender, personality characteristics may help to predict performance for particular variables only.

RUBRIC TO ASSESS THE BLOG

LINK HERE....

PPSMI: Informasi Terkini

Terdapat beberapa isu terkini mengenai PPSMI:

• Dasar Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains dan Matematik dalam Bahasa Inggeris (PPSMI) bakal dimansuhkan dan akan digantikan dengan Dasar Memartabatkan Bahasa Malaysia dan Memperkukuh Bahasa Inggeris (MBMMBI).
• Pemansuhan dilakukan secara berperingkat atau 'soft-landing' agar semua pihak dapat menyesuaikan diri.
• Pada tahun 2010, kerajaan menetapkan pelaksanaan dasar MBMMBI bermula tahun 2011.
• Pelajar Tahun 1 pada tahun ini akan terus belajar dalam Bahasa Inggeris sehingga Tingkatan 5. Oleh itu, penggunaan Bahasa Inggeris di sekolah rendah akan tamat pada tahun 2016 manakala di sekolah menengah pula pada tahun 2021.
• Manakala pelajar yang belajar di bawah dasar PPSMI sejak awal dibenarkan untuk terus menggunakan Bahasa Inggeris.

KULIAH 8: KEMAHIRAN BERFIKIR

Subtajuk: Mengapa kemahiran berfikir ditekankan dalam kurikulum sekolah.

POLLINATION

MISCONCEPT




EXPLAINATION
During pollination, the pollen grain enters flower/pistil.
EXAMPLE
Student will imagine that the tube is already exist in the stigma like the plastic flag tube( permainan kanak-kanak) containing small round sweets.



TRUE CONCEPT

EXPLAINATION
From the pollen grain, a pollen tube emerges and grows down to the flower carrying the male gametes.
In order to rebuilt the true concept in student understanding, teacher should show the diagram of growing pollen tube from pollen grain. Therefore, students can observe the growing process. Thus, the early misconception can be eliminated.

FILA CHART PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN MASALAH

FAKTA	IDEA	ISU PEMBELAJARAN	TINDAKAN
PBM menggalakkan guru menginovasi pengajaran	Guru kurang mempraktikkan pembelajaran berpusatkan pelajar	Apakah pembelajaran berpusatkan pelajar?	Melayari Internet Merujuk buku di perpustakaan
Kaedah PBM memerlukan pelajar terlibat sepenuhnya dalam pembelajaran mereka	Kaedah PBM dapat meningkatkan  kemahiran komunikasi pelajar	Bagaimana kaedah PBM dapat meningkatkan kemahiran komunikasi pelajar?
PBM memerlukan masa yang lebih	Memberi peluang kepada pelajar untuk mengutarakan pendapat masing-masing	Adakah pelajar dapat memupuk nilai-nilai murni melaui kaedah PBM?
PBM dimulai dengan satu masalah	PBM melibatkan  langkah-langkah penyelesaian yang panjang	Apakah langkah-langkah dalam melaksanakan PBM?
Pelajar akan memperolehi pengetahuan baru	Pelajar dapat memperolehi informasi terkini berdasarkan maklumat-maklumat yang dicari	Apakah isu-isu yang sesuai untuk dijadikan sebagai pemasalahan dalam PBM?
PBM membantu pelajar melihat perkaitan antara isi kandungan dengan kehidupan seharian.	PBM banyak membincangkan tentang isu-isu semasa yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan seharian	Apakah kesan PBM tehadap perkembangan kognitif pelajar?